Cobalt: Out-of-bounds Read
CVE-2025-41392 is a high-severity out-of-bounds read vulnerability in Cobalt from Ashlar-Vellum, with a CVSS 3.1 base score of 7.8 out of 10. It can be exploited with local access to the system by an unauthenticated attacker, but only if a user takes part, for example by opening a link or file. The record lists version 12.6.1204.204 as the first without the flaw, so updating Cobalt to that release or later removes the exposure. There is no confirmed exploitation so far. EPSS estimates a 0.18% chance of exploitation within 30 days, which is low compared with other CVEs.
High severity with no evidence of exploitation so far.
What to do
- Update Cobalt to 12.6.1204.204 or a later version.
- Update Xenon to 12.6.1204.204 or a later version.
- Update Argon to 12.6.1204.204 or a later version.
- Because the attack needs a user to take part, warn users about unexpected links and files related to this product until it is patched.
Affected products and versions
| Vendor | Product | Affected versions | Fixed in |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ashlar-Vellum | Cobalt | before 12.6.1204.204 | 12.6.1204.204 |
| Ashlar-Vellum | Xenon | before 12.6.1204.204 | 12.6.1204.204 |
| Ashlar-Vellum | Argon | before 12.6.1204.204 | 12.6.1204.204 |
| Ashlar-Vellum | Lithium | before 12.6.1204.204 | 12.6.1204.204 |
| Ashlar-Vellum | Cobalt Share | before 12.6.1204.204 | 12.6.1204.204 |
Version data comes from the organisation that assigned the CVE. Confirm against the vendor advisory before deciding you are unaffected.
How the severity score breaks down
- Attack vector
- LocalThe attacker needs local access or must trick a user into running something.
- Attack complexity
- LowNo special conditions are needed; the attack works reliably.
- Privileges required
- NoneNo account or login is needed.
- User interaction
- RequiredA user must take an action such as opening a file or link.
- Scope
- UnchangedImpact stays within the vulnerable component.
- Confidentiality
- HighAll data handled by the component can be read.
- Integrity
- HighData or code can be modified at will.
- Availability
- HighThe component can be taken down completely.
Vector: CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H. Scored by CNA (hq.dhs.gov).
| Scoring system | Score | Severity | Scored by |
|---|---|---|---|
| CVSS 4.0 | 8.4 | High | CNA (hq.dhs.gov) |
| CVSS 3.1 | 7.8 | High | CNA (hq.dhs.gov) |
Official description
In Ashlar-Vellum Cobalt, Xenon, Argon, Lithium, and Cobalt Share versions prior to 12.6.1204.204, the affected applications lack proper validation of user-supplied data when parsing AR files. This could lead to an out-of-bounds read. An attacker could leverage this vulnerability to execute arbitrary code in the context of the current process.
Source: the CVE record as published by its numbering authority, via NVD and CVE.org.
The underlying weakness: Out-of-bounds Read
The product reads data past the end, or before the beginning, of the intended buffer.
How developers prevent this class of flaw
- Use a language that provides appropriate memory abstractions.
Timeline
- CVE record published.
- CISA published its SSVC assessment (exploitation: none, automatable: no, technical impact: total).
- Record last changed materially (score, affected products, status or references).
References
Third-party and government advisories
- cisa.gov/news-events/ics-advisories/icsa-25-224-01Third Party Advisory, US Government Resource
Other vulnerabilities in Cobalt
- 7.8 High severity
- 7.8 High severity
- 7.8 High severity
- 7.8 High severity
- 7.8 High severity
- 7.8 High severity
Recent Out-of-bounds Read vulnerabilities
- 7.1 High severity
- 7.1 High severity
- 7.1 High severity
- 7.1 High severity
- 7.1 High severity
- 7.8 High severity
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