Fastjson: Inclusion of Functionality from Untrusted Control Sphere
CVE-2025-70974 is a critical-severity inclusion of functionality from untrusted control sphere vulnerability in Fastjson from Alibaba, with a CVSS 3.1 base score of 10.0 out of 10. It can be exploited remotely over the network by an unauthenticated attacker, without any action from a user. The record lists version 1.2.48 as the first without the flaw, so updating Fastjson to that release or later removes the exposure. There is no confirmed exploitation so far. EPSS estimates a 0.75% chance of exploitation within 30 days, higher than 55% of scored CVEs.
Critical severity: a successful attack would have severe impact.
What to do
- Update Fastjson to 1.2.48 or a later version.
- Until you can update, restrict network access to the affected service so it is not reachable from untrusted networks.
Affected products and versions
| Vendor | Product | Affected versions | Fixed in |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alibaba | Fastjson | before 1.2.48 | 1.2.48 |
| Red Hat | OpenShift Service Mesh 2 | Not specified in the record | Not stated |
| Red Hat | Red Hat build of Apache Camel for Spring Boot 4 | Not specified in the record | Not stated |
| Red Hat | Red Hat build of Debezium 2 | Not specified in the record | Not stated |
| Red Hat | Red Hat build of Debezium 3 | Not specified in the record | Not stated |
| Red Hat | Red Hat Fuse 7 | Not specified in the record | Not stated |
| Red Hat | Red Hat JBoss Enterprise Application Platform 8 | Not specified in the record | Not stated |
| Red Hat | Red Hat JBoss Enterprise Application Platform Expansion Pack | Not specified in the record | Not stated |
Version data comes from the organisation that assigned the CVE. Confirm against the vendor advisory before deciding you are unaffected.
How the severity score breaks down
- Attack vector
- NetworkCan be exploited remotely over a network, including the internet.
- Attack complexity
- LowNo special conditions are needed; the attack works reliably.
- Privileges required
- NoneNo account or login is needed.
- User interaction
- NoneNo action by a victim is required.
- Scope
- ChangedThe attack can reach beyond the vulnerable component into other systems.
- Confidentiality
- HighAll data handled by the component can be read.
- Integrity
- HighData or code can be modified at will.
- Availability
- HighThe component can be taken down completely.
Vector: CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H. Scored by CNA (mitre.org).
| Scoring system | Score | Severity | Scored by |
|---|---|---|---|
| CVSS 3.1 | 10.0 | Critical | CNA (mitre.org) |
| CVSS 3.1 | 10.0 | Critical | CNA |
Official description
Fastjson before 1.2.48 mishandles autoType because, when an @type key is in a JSON document, and the value of that key is the name of a Java class, there may be calls to certain public methods of that class. Depending on the behavior of those methods, there may be JNDI injection with an attacker-supplied payload located elsewhere in that JSON document. This was exploited in the wild in 2023 through 2025. NOTE: this issue exists because of an incomplete fix for CVE-2017-18349. Also, a later bypass is covered by CVE-2022-25845.
Source: the CVE record as published by its numbering authority, via NVD and CVE.org.
The underlying weakness: Inclusion of Functionality from Untrusted Control Sphere
The product imports, requires, or includes executable functionality (such as a library) from a source that is outside of the intended control sphere.
How developers prevent this class of flaw
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs. For example, ID 1 could map to inbox.txt and ID 2 could map to profile.txt. Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap provide this capability.
- For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.
More Inclusion of Functionality from Untrusted Control Sphere vulnerabilities (CWE-829)
Timeline
- CVE record published.
- CISA published its SSVC assessment (exploitation: poc, automatable: yes, technical impact: total).
- Record last changed materially (score, affected products, status or references).
References
Other references
- cert.360.cn/warning/detail?id=7240aeab581c6dc2c9c5350756079955
- github.com/alibaba/fastjson/compare/1.2.47...1.2.48
- github.com/vulhub/vulhub/tree/master/fastjson/1.2.47-rce
- cloudsek.com/blog/androxgh0st-continues-exploitation-operators-compromise-a-us-university-for-hosting-c2-logg…
- cnvd.org.cn/flaw/show/CNVD-2019-22238
- freebuf.com/vuls/208339.html
- seebug.org/vuldb/ssvid-98020
- access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2025-70974
- bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2428203
- security.access.redhat.com/data/csaf/v2/vex/2025/cve-2025-70974.json
Other vulnerabilities in Fastjson
- 9.0 Critical severity
- 9.8 Critical severity
Recent Inclusion of Functionality from Untrusted Control Sphere vulnerabilities
- 8.8 High severity
- 7.8 High severity
- 7.3 High severity
- 8.8 High severity
- 8.4 High severity
- 8.8 High severity
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