activestorage: Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory
CVE-2026-33195 is a critical-severity improper limitation of a pathname to a restricted directory vulnerability in activestorage from Rails, with a CVSS 3.1 base score of 9.8 out of 10. It can be exploited remotely over the network by an unauthenticated attacker, without any action from a user. Affected activestorage versions: >= 8.1.0.beta1, < 8.1.2.1; >= 8.0.0.beta1, < 8.0.4.1; < 7.2.3.1. The record does not name a fixed version, so check the vendor advisory. There is no confirmed exploitation so far. EPSS estimates a 0.59% chance of exploitation within 30 days, which is low compared with other CVEs.
Critical severity: a successful attack would have severe impact.
What to do
- Update Rails to 7.2.3.1 or 8.0.4.1 or 8.1.2.1, whichever matches your release line, or a later version.
- Read the advisory on github.com for workarounds and exact fixed builds.
- Until you can update, restrict network access to the affected service so it is not reachable from untrusted networks.
Affected products and versions
| Vendor | Product | Affected versions | Fixed in |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rails | activestorage | >= 8.1.0.beta1, < 8.1.2.1; >= 8.0.0.beta1, < 8.0.4.1; < 7.2.3.1 | Not stated |
| Red Hat | Red Hat 3scale API Management Platform 2 | Not specified in the record | Not stated |
| Rubyonrails | Rails | before 7.2.3.1; 8.0.0 up to, but not including, 8.0.4.1; 8.1.0 up to, but not including, 8.1.2.1 | 7.2.3.1, 8.0.4.1, 8.1.2.1 |
Version data comes from the organisation that assigned the CVE. Confirm against the vendor advisory before deciding you are unaffected.
How the severity score breaks down
- Attack vector
- NetworkCan be exploited remotely over a network, including the internet.
- Attack complexity
- LowNo special conditions are needed; the attack works reliably.
- Privileges required
- NoneNo account or login is needed.
- User interaction
- NoneNo action by a victim is required.
- Scope
- UnchangedImpact stays within the vulnerable component.
- Confidentiality
- HighAll data handled by the component can be read.
- Integrity
- HighData or code can be modified at will.
- Availability
- HighThe component can be taken down completely.
Vector: CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H. Scored by NVD.
| Scoring system | Score | Severity | Scored by |
|---|---|---|---|
| CVSS 4.0 | 8.0 | High | CNA (github.com) |
| CVSS 3.1 | 9.8 | Critical | NVD |
| CVSS 3.1 | 8.1 | High | CNA |
Official description
Active Storage allows users to attach cloud and local files in Rails applications. Prior to versions 8.1.2.1, 8.0.4.1, and 7.2.3.1, Active Storage's `DiskService#path_for` does not validate that the resolved filesystem path remains within the storage root directory. If a blob key containing path traversal sequences (e.g. `../`) is used, it could allow reading, writing, or deleting arbitrary files on the server. Blob keys are expected to be trusted strings, but some applications could be passing user input as keys and would be affected. Versions 8.1.2.1, 8.0.4.1, and 7.2.3.1 contain a patch.
Source: the CVE record as published by its numbering authority, via NVD and CVE.org.
The underlying weakness: Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory
The product uses external input to construct a pathname that is intended to identify a file or directory that is located underneath a restricted parent directory, but the product does not properly neutralize special elements within the pathname that can cause the pathname to resolve to a location that is outside of the restricted directory.
How developers prevent this class of flaw
- For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth.
More Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory vulnerabilities (CWE-22)
Timeline
- CVE record published.
- CISA published its SSVC assessment (exploitation: none, automatable: yes, technical impact: total).
- Record last changed materially (score, affected products, status or references).
References
Patches and release notes
- github.com/rails/rails/commit/4933c1e3b8c1bb04925d60347be9f69270392f2c
- github.com/rails/rails/commit/9b06fbc0f504b8afe333f33d19548f3b85fbe655
- github.com/rails/rails/commit/a290c8a1ec189d793aa6d7f2570b6a763f675348
- github.com/rails/rails/releases/tag/v7.2.3.1Release Notes
- github.com/rails/rails/releases/tag/v8.0.4.1Release Notes
- github.com/rails/rails/releases/tag/v8.1.2.1Release Notes
Other references
Other vulnerabilities in activestorage
- 9.1 Critical severity
- 7.5 High severity
- 8.1 High severity
Recent Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory vulnerabilities
- 8.1 High severity
- 8.1 High severity
- 7.5 High severity
- 9.9 Critical severity
- 8.6 High severity
- 8.6 High severity
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