Improper Neutralization of Special Elements Used in a Template Engine
CWE-1336
The product uses a template engine to insert or process externally-influenced input, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements or syntax that can be interpreted as template expressions or other code directives when processed by the engine.
In some cases, XSS-style attacks can work, which can obscure the root cause if the developer does not closely investigate the root cause of the error. Template engines can be used on the server or client, so both sides could be affected by injection. The mechanisms of attack or the affected technologies might be different, but the mistake is fundamentally the same.
We track 216 vulnerabilities of this type. 100% are rated high or critical, and the average CVSS score is 8.7. 3 have been exploited in real attacks.
How this weakness is prevented
- Architecture and Design: Choose a template engine that offers a sandbox or restricted mode, or at least limits the power of any available expressions, function calls, or commands.
- Implementation: Use the template engine's sandbox or restricted mode, if available.
Latest Improper Neutralization of Special Elements Used in a Template Engine vulnerabilities
- 7.2 High severity
FortiManager: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements Used in a Template Engine
A improper neutralization of special elements used in a template engine vulnerability in Fortinet FortiAnalyzer 8.0.0, FortiAnalyzer Cloud 8.0.0, FortiManager 8.0.0, FortiManager Cloud 8.0.0 may allow an authenticated attacker with restricted privileges to exe
- 8.4 High severity
FortiManager: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements Used in a Template Engine
A improper neutralization of special elements used in a template engine vulnerability in Fortinet FortiManager 8.0.0 through 8.0.1, FortiManager 7.6.0 through 7.6.7, FortiManager 7.4.0 through 7.4.11, FortiManager 7.2 all versions, FortiManager Cloud 8.0.0 thr
- 9.1 Critical severity
mailcow: dockerized: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements Used in a Template Engine
mailcow: dockerized before 2026-11 contains a server-side template injection vulnerability that allows domain administrators to execute commands in the shared rspamd container by storing a malicious domain-wide footer. Attackers can embed a Jinja macro with an
- 8.8 High severity
cms: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements Used in a Template Engine
Craft CMS from 5.10.0 before 5.11.2 contains a remote code execution vulnerability that allows non-administrator control panel users to obtain HMAC-signed Twig templates via the app/render-elements endpoint. Attackers can submit the signed templated returnUrl
- 9.8 Critical severity
LMFDB: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements Used in a Template Engine
LMFDB before commit 01829bd contains a server-side template injection vulnerability in the render_knowl function that allows unauthenticated attackers to inject Jinja expressions via request parameters. Attackers can supply crafted query-string values or 'cont
- 8.8 High severity
Apache OFBiz: Direct Request
Improper Neutralization of Special Elements Used in a Template Engine ('Server-Side Template Injection') in Apache OFBiz 24.09 before 24.09.08 on all platforms allows a remote authenticated attacker holding only a stock non-administrative account to execute ar
- 8.8 High severity
Apache OFBiz: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements Used in a Template Engine
Improper Neutralization of Special Elements Used in a Template Engine ('Server-Side Template Injection') in MacroScreenRenderer in Apache OFBiz 24.09 before 24.09.08 on all platforms allows a remote authenticated attacker holding only the two view permissions
- 8.8 High severity
DataGerry: Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation
DataGerry before 3.3.0 contains a server-side template injection vulnerability that allows authenticated attackers with base.docapi.template.add permission to store arbitrary Jinja2 payloads in the template_data field via POST /rest/docapi/template, which is l
- 7.2 High severity
Foglight for Databases: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements Used in a Template Engine
Quest Foglight for Databases renderTemplateString Server-Side Template Injection Remote Code Execution Vulnerability. This vulnerability allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code on affected installations of Quest Foglight for Databases. Authentication
- 7.1 High severity
core-geonetwork: Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation
GeoNetwork is a catalog application to manage spatially referenced resources. From 3.0.0 until 4.2.15 and 4.4.10, requesting a nonexistent or unauthorized service URL can cause an error page to reflect attacker-controlled request content inside an AngularJS ap
- 9.8 Critical severity
elo: Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation
Elo is a purely functional expression language for no-code tools. Prior to 1.0.1, plain Elo strings supplied to defaultFormats.elo.parse(), bin/elo, or elo-lang.org/try can use .constructor.constructor to reach JavaScript Function because the member_access han
- 9.8 Critical severity
elo: Improper Control of Generation of Code
Elo is a purely functional expression language for no-code tools. Prior to 1.0.1, the Ruby backend in src/compilers/ruby.ts embeds attacker-controlled text in Ruby double-quoted strings without escaping #, so Ruby interpolation forms in the string-literal emit
- 8.8 High severity
virtual-engineering-workbench: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements Used in a Template Engine
Improper neutralization of special elements used in a template engine in the publishing component of Amazon Virtual Engineering Workbench (VEW) could allow a remote authenticated third party to run arbitrary code with the permissions of the publishing Lambda's
- 9.0 Critical severity
CoPilot: Improper Control of Generation of Code
SOCFortress CoPilot focuses on providing a single pane of glass for all your security operations needs. Prior to 0.1.76, in the reported deployment, case-report templates uploaded by `customer_user`, the lowest-privilege portal role, are later executed by non-
- 8.8 High severity
frappe: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements Used in a Template Engine
Frappe Framework before 15.111.0 and 16.x before 16.21.0 contains a server-side template injection vulnerability because user-controlled message fields are rendered as templates without neutralization. An authenticated attacker holding a common operational rol
- 7.5 High severity
Bricks Theme: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements Used in a Template Engine
Bricks Theme 2.4.3 and before contains an unauthenticated dynamic-data tag injection vulnerability that allows anonymous attackers to control the urlParams object in the query_result REST endpoint, causing the submitted value to be re-parsed as a Bricks dynami
- 8.8 High severity
cms: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements Used in a Template Engine
Craft CMS allows any authenticated control panel user to submit an element-search condition whose element selector is evaluated as a sandboxed Twig object template. Craft’s allowed column filter delegates property lookup to Yii ArrayHelper, outside Twig’s Secu
- 9.3 Critical severity
goobi-viewer-core: Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation
The Goobi viewer is a web application that allows digitised material to be displayed in a web browser. From version 25.08 to before version 26.05, the IIIF Auth 2.0 endpoints auth/login and auth/token in AuthorizationFlowResource accept an origin query paramet
- 9.1 Critical severity
Webform: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements Used in a Template Engine
Improper Neutralization of Special Elements Used in a Template Engine vulnerability in Drupal Webform allows Code Injection. This issue affects Webform versions: from 0.0.0 to 6.2.12, from 6.3.0 to 6.3.1.
- 8.2 High severity
Apache Camel: Exposure of Sensitive Information to an Unauthorized Actor
Improper Neutralization of Special Elements Used in a Template Engine and Exposure of Sensitive Information to an Unauthorized Actor vulnerability in Apache Camel HTTP, Netty HTTP, Undertow and Vert.x HTTP components. This issue affects Apache Camel: from 4.0.
- 9.1 Critical severity
tianji: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements Used in a Template Engine
Tianji is an open source analytics, uptime monitoring, and server status platform. Prior to 1.31.29, formatString() in src/server/utils/template.ts passes survey feedTemplate and monitor notification templates to lodash template(), while the default evaluate p
- 8.5 High severity
Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.6: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements Used in a Template Engine
A flaw was found in Ansible Operator Plugins. A low-privileged Kubernetes user can exploit a Jinja2 template injection vulnerability by crafting malicious custom resource (CR) specification values. These values are processed by Ansible without proper sanitizat
- 9.4 Critical severity
SolusVM 2: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements Used in a Template Engine
A server-side template injection exists in SolusVM 2 up to version 2.0.0-44576 that allows remote authenticated users to execute arbitrary code as root.
- 10.0 Critical severity
Adobe Commerce: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements Used in a Template Engine
Adobe Commerce is affected by an Improper Neutralization of Special Elements Used in a Template Engine vulnerability that could result in arbitrary code execution in the context of the current user, potentially gaining elevated access or control over the victi
- 8.8 High severity
erpnext: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements Used in a Template Engine
Frappe ERPNext before 15.119.1 and 16.x before 16.32.0 contains a server-side template injection vulnerability because user-controlled message fields are not validated before template rendering, allowing expressions to run in an unrestricted context. Authentic
- 8.8 High severity
cms: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements Used in a Template Engine
Craft CMS from 5.10.2 before 5.10.14 contains a Twig sandbox bypass that allows non-admin users to invoke PHP callables through the "has some" and "has every" operators. Users with the System Messages permission can supply two-argument callables such as passth
- 8.8 High severity
Thelia: Improper Control of Generation of Code
Thelia 3.0.0's back-office Email/Messages feature contains a server‑side template injection (SSTI) flaw that allows any authenticated user with the “Messages” permission to supply unsandboxed Twig templates, which are then compiled and executed as raw code. By
- 9.1 Critical severity
wizarr: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements Used in a Template Engine
Wizarr is an advanced user invitation and management system for Jellyfin, Plex, Emby, and other media servers. Prior to 2026.9.1, wizard step Markdown supplied through the editor or imported bundles was evaluated by app/blueprints/wizard/routes.py in the appli
- 8.8 High severity
backstage: Improper Control of Generation of Code
Backstage is an open framework for building developer portals. Prior to 1.14.6, the @backstage/plugin-techdocs-node package is affected by improper validation of mkdocs theme configuration in techdocs. When TechDocs is configured to build documentation locally
- 9.6 Critical severity
Container Storage Modules: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements Used in a Template Engine
Dell Container Storage Modules, versions prior to 1.18.0, contain(s) an Improper Neutralization of Special Elements Used in a Template Engine vulnerability. A low privileged attacker with remote access could potentially exploit this vulnerability, leading to E
- 8.8 High severity
cms: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements Used in a Template Engine
Craft CMS 5.10.13.2 contains an authenticated remote code execution vulnerability in the Control Panel action app/render-components. Any authenticated user with basic Control Panel access can submit request-controlled component classes and property overrides.
- 8.8 High severity
filesystem_spec: Improper Control of Generation of Code
fsspec is a specification and Python implementation framework for filesystem interfaces. From 0.9.0 until 2026.6.0, fsspec.implementations.reference.ReferenceFileSystem evaluates fields from Kerchunk reference JSON documents through unrestricted jinja2.Templat
- 9.9 Critical severity
GitLab AI Gateway: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements Used in a Template Engine
GitLab has remediated a vulnerability in the GitLab AI Gateway component affecting all versions of the AI Gateway from 18.1.6 before 19.2.4, 19.3 before 19.3.2, and 19.4 before 19.4.1 that, under certain conditions, could have allowed an authenticated user wit
- 7.2 High severity
document-merge-service: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements Used in a Template Engine
Document Merge Service is a document template merge service providing an API to manage templates and merge them with given data. Prior to version 9.1.0, a remote code execution (RCE) via server-side template injection (SSTI) allows for user supplied code to be
- 7.2 High severity
Core: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements Used in a Template Engine
A system notification template on the Kiteworks appliance was rendered by a template engine that evaluated expressions contained in the stored template body. An authenticated System Administrator could potentially store a crafted template that executed operati
- 8.6 High severity
Zammad is a web based open source helpdesk/customer support system.
Zammad is a web based open source helpdesk/customer support system. Prior to 7.1.2, a security filter that protects Zammad's AI Agent configuration can be bypassed by entering specially crafted text into one of an AI Agent's fields. An administrator with permi
- 10.0 Critical severity
hfs2: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements Used in a Template Engine
HFS2 version 2.4.0 and earlier contains a template injection vulnerability in the multipart upload handler that allows unauthenticated attackers to achieve remote code execution by embedding malicious template syntax in a filename. Attackers can craft a filena
- 7.6 High severity
ManageEngine OpManager: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements Used in a Template Engine
ZohoCorp ManageEngine OpManager, NetFlow Analyzer, and Network Configuration Manager versions 12.8.667 and below were vulnerable to a Server-Side Template Injection vulnerability in Configlet processing, which could lead to Remote Code Execution.
- 8.0 High severity
openEQUELLA: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements Used in a Template Engine
openEQUELLA before 2026.1.0 contains an authenticated stored server-side template injection vulnerability in FreemarkerPortletRenderer.renderHtml() that allows any authenticated non-guest user to achieve remote code execution by storing a malicious FreeMarker
- 8.8 High severity
cms: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements Used in a Template Engine
Craft CMS 4.8.0 through 4.18.5 and 5.0.0 through 5.10.12 sign an authenticated user's attacker-controlled license-shun cookie with the same key and format used to validate signed redirect parameters, because the HMAC signature is not bound to its purpose (Yii'