X2000R: Use of Default Credentials
CVE-2025-9577 is a high-severity use of default credentials vulnerability in X2000R from TOTOLINK, with a CVSS 3.1 base score of 7.0 out of 10. It can be exploited with local access to the system by an attacker with a low-privileged account, without any action from a user. Affected X2000R versions: 2.0. The record does not name a fixed version, so check the vendor advisory. There is no confirmed exploitation so far. EPSS estimates a 0.22% chance of exploitation within 30 days, which is low compared with other CVEs.
High severity with no evidence of exploitation so far.
What to do
- Check which version of X2000R you run against the affected versions below, and install the vendor's latest release.
Affected products and versions
| Vendor | Product | Affected versions | Fixed in |
|---|---|---|---|
| TOTOLINK | X2000R | 2.0 | Not stated |
| TOTOLINK | X2000r Firmware | 2.0.0-b20230727.1043.web | Not stated |
Version data comes from the organisation that assigned the CVE. Confirm against the vendor advisory before deciding you are unaffected.
How the severity score breaks down
- Attack vector
- LocalThe attacker needs local access or must trick a user into running something.
- Attack complexity
- HighSuccess depends on conditions outside the attacker's control.
- Privileges required
- LowA basic user account is enough.
- User interaction
- NoneNo action by a victim is required.
- Scope
- UnchangedImpact stays within the vulnerable component.
- Confidentiality
- HighAll data handled by the component can be read.
- Integrity
- HighData or code can be modified at will.
- Availability
- HighThe component can be taken down completely.
Vector: CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H. Scored by NVD.
| Scoring system | Score | Severity | Scored by |
|---|---|---|---|
| CVSS 4.0 | 1.1 | Low | CNA (vuldb.com) |
| CVSS 3.1 | 2.5 | Low | CNA (vuldb.com) |
| CVSS 3.1 | 7.0 | High | NVD |
| CVSS 2.0 | 1.0 | Low | CNA (vuldb.com) |
Official description
A security flaw has been discovered in TOTOLINK X2000R up to 2.0.0. The affected element is an unknown function of the file /etc/shadow.sample of the component Administrative Interface. The manipulation results in use of default credentials. Attacking locally is a requirement. Attacks of this nature are highly complex. The exploitability is described as difficult. The exploit has been released to the public and may be exploited.
Source: the CVE record as published by its numbering authority, via NVD and CVE.org.
The underlying weakness: Use of Default Credentials
The product uses default credentials (such as passwords or cryptographic keys) for potentially critical functionality.
How developers prevent this class of flaw
- Prohibit use of default, hard-coded, or other values that do not vary for each installation of the product - especially for separate organizations.
- Force the administrator to change the credential upon installation.
- The product administrator could change the defaults upon installation or during operation.
Timeline
- CVE record published.
- CISA published its SSVC assessment (exploitation: poc, automatable: no, technical impact: partial).
- Record last changed materially (score, affected products, status or references).
References
Third-party and government advisories
- vuldb.com/?id.321691Third Party Advisory, VDB Entry
- vuldb.com/?submit.636069Third Party Advisory, VDB Entry
Technical write-ups (may include proof of concept)
- github.com/XXRicardo/iot-cve/blob/main/TOLOLINK/X2000R-Gh-V2.0.0.mdExploit, Third Party Advisory
- github.com/XXRicardo/iot-cve/blob/main/TOLOLINK/X2000R-Gh-V2.0.0.md#steps-to-reproduceExploit, Third Party Advisory
Other references
- vuldb.com/?ctiid.321691Permissions Required, VDB Entry
- totolink.net/Product
Other vulnerabilities in X2000R
- 7.2 High severity
- 9.8 Critical severity
- 9.8 Critical severity
Recent Use of Default Credentials vulnerabilities
- 7.0 High severity
- 7.5 High severity
- 9.8 Critical severity
- 9.1 Critical severity
- 7.3 High severity
- 8.8 High severity
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